COMPREHENSIVE STUDIES OF TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF HOUSING AND FEEDING, CLINICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF RUMEN CONTENT, URINE AND FECES IN METABOLIC DISORDERS IN HIGH-YIELDING HOLSTEIN COWS

Abstract

Analyzing the parameters of the microclimate, namely the illumination of the premises, which on average in cowsheds ranged from 29±2.3 to 43.0±3.8 lux at norms of 150-200, it is possible to clearly associate it with the manifestation of metabolic disorders in cows due to pathogenetic mechanisms of the influence of ultraviolet deficiency on the synthesis of active metabolites of vitamin D. Some feed parameters unconformed the established standards. Namely, the pH of corn silage was 3.6, the standards of I and II classes were 3.8–4.3, and of III class – 3.8–4.5, respectively; the content of lactic acid is 56%, according to the norms of the III grade, it is not less than 60%. The content of dry matter in hay was 38.2%, compared to the norms for class III of 40–55%. The main number of ciliates in the samples of rumen content of test animals under the tetherless technology of keeping, was small and did not correspond to physiological norms (their mobility was 4–5 points). These results indicate pathologies of the antrum, digestive disorders, as a result - metabolic disorders. This is confirmed by the results of a quantitative study of ciliates. Thus, cows had 91.15±12.67 thousand ciliates in 1 ml, which is not enough compared to normal indicators. It was established that according to indicators of the content of the rumen, a decrease in its pH and the number of ciliates is observed, which clearly correlates with the manifestation of metabolic disorders in cows. Accordingly, the development of acidosis disrupts the work of the gastrointestinal tract and contributes to the development of ketosis, disruption of calcium-phosphorus metabolism, assimilation of vitamins of various groups. All urine samples showed protein (proteinuria). A similar pattern was observed for bilirubin and urobilinogen. The highest level of bilirubin was observed in the group of cows with no-additive technology of keeping - 6.48±0.78 mmol/l (Р≤0.005), which indicates possible hemolytic anemia and toxic hepatitis. The studied animals were marked by a significantly increased content of ketone bodies in the urine - up to 0.35±0.03 mmol/l (Р≤0.05), which indicates ketosis. Such results indicate the manifestation of pathology in the body of highly productive Holstein cows. The obtained results indicate that the majority of animals have acidosis, which is caused by an increased amount of starch in the diet and a lack of structural fibers. This is confirmed by the probably low pH value of feces – 6.32±0.23 (Р ≤ 0.005), as well as the low average score of the evaluation of feces – 2.3±0.2 (Р ≤ 0.005). The analysis of the causes of culling carried out in the farm showed that the average duration of productive economic use of cows was 3.3 lactations, which was due to premature culling of animals from the herd. Metabolic disorders are the basis of premature culling. As a result, the main reasons for culling are gynecological diseases (28.4%), diseases of the udder (17.8%), digestive system (15%), diseases of the hoof (13.2%), displacement of rennet (7.8%), diseases of the respiratory system (6.1%), liver diseases (4.8%), pathological births (3.9%), Downer's syndrome and postpartum paresis (2.8%).